From the 33rd edition of “XXth Century Health And Pleasure Resorts Of Europe” published in 1933
GOVERNMENT - The most typical feature of the British constitution is the extent to which the legal structure which is its basis has been overgrown by constitutional understandings which have not the force of law. It is in virtue of legal rules, of statutes (acts of parliament) and of the common law (national custom enforceable in courts of justice), -
(a) That supreme authority over the affairs of the Empire is vested in the King-in-parliament;
(b) "That the monarchy is hereditary;
(c) That there are entitled to sit in the House of Lords all who hold hereditary peerages of England or of the United Kingdom together with sixteen Scottish and twenty-eight Irish peers elected to represent their fellows, twenty-six of the bishops of the Church of England, and the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, distinguished lawyers granted for life the dignity of lords of Parliament in order to make it possible for them to assist the House in it!’ judicial business;
(d) That the House of Commons consists of 615 members elected for a period not exceeding five years by all adult citizens voting for the most part in geographical constituencies, the great majority of which return a single member, the candidate who has secured a larger number of votes than any of his rivals, but not necessarily the support of a majority of the electors, being elected;
(e) That legislation requires the assent of King, Lords and Commons, the King being entitled to veto any bill and it only being possible to dispense with the assent of the Lords when a bill has been passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords three times within the life of one Parliament, there being an interval of not less than twelve months between each two of these times, or when a bill approved once by the Commons and rejected by the Lords has been certified by the Speaker of the House of Commons to be exclusively a finance bill;
(f) That, subject to a considerable number of statutory exceptions, all executive power belongs to the King who may only be sued with his permission but who must have recourse to the Courts before he can deprive any of his subjects of life, liberty or property;
(g) That there exists an elaborate system of courts, or rather two systems, one for England another for Scotland. the English system including the unpaid justices of the peace who dispose of an immense amount of petty business, the local county courts for civil business, the local assizes at which judges of the High Court dispose of most of the important criminal cases, the High Court of Justice which has its headquarters in the Strand and is the nucleus of the English judicial system, and the House of Lords sitting for judicial business, the supreme court of appeal for English and Scottish cases but not for Dominion appeals which are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council;
(h) That the city, borough and county councils to which recent statutes have transferred most of the functions formerly performed by ad hoc bodies, such as sanitary and highways boards and guardians of the poor, enjoy so large a measure of autonomy within the limits of their statutory powers. – Such are the dry bones of the Constitution.
Those who would understand the living reality must learn something of the tissue of constitutional conventions which have ‘been woven round them. It is in virtue of constitutional conventions, or customs which are not rules of law enforceable in courts of justice –
(a) That the royal veto has fallen into disuse, its only function at the present time being to enable the Government of the United Kingdom to prevent the passage of legislation of which it disapproves in colonies which do not enjoy Dominion status; (b) That the executive power still formally invested in the King is in fact exercised by him on the advice of a Cabinet consisting of Ministers who have the support of a majority of the House of Commons.
The conventions of the constitution came into existence through the gradual accumulation of precedents and are always liable to undergo unexpected modifications. Thus the doctrine of the collective responsibility of the cabinet, the doctrine that the cabinet must always present a united front to public opinion and that individual members of it must not disclose their disagreement with the views of their colleagues, was suspended for a time in exceptional circumstances early in 1932, though it had then been looked on for a century as one of the most fundamental of the conventions of the constitution.
On the other hand the conventions of the constitution are sometimes transformed into legal rules by the enactment of legislation. Thus the relations between the two Houses of Parliament which were for long entirely governed by the conventions of the constitution are now regulated, in part, by the Parliament Act of 19II, and the principle that the Imperial Parliament does not legislate for the self-governing dominions without their consent has recently been given legal form in the Statute of Westminster.
Legal rules and constitutional conventions are of course supplemented by rules of parliamentary practice, examples of which are the rule that only Ministers of the Crown may request the House of Commons to approve the expenditure of public money and the practice of reading every bill three times in each House with a discussion of its details" in committee" intervening between the second and third readings.
HEAD OF STATE: King George V.
Area: 241,768 km2 (including Northern Ireland).
Population: Over 45 million (including Northern Ireland).
Capital: London (population of Greater London about 8 million).
Languages: English, Gaelic, Welsh.
Currency: Pounds (£), Shillings (s. or /-) and Pence (d.). £1. = 20/-, 1/- = 12 d. Half-crowns (2/6), Florins (2/-) and coins of 1/-, 6d., 3d., 1d., ½ d., and one farthing ( ¼ d.) are in circulation. The Guinea (21/-) is still in use on bills, but no notes or coins are issued for the amount.
Weights and Measures: An old and complicated system is still in use, the Decimal System not yet having been adopted. It is useful to remember that the English pound (16 ozs.) weighs about one tenth less than the pound (or ½ kg.) on the Continent; that letters are weighed in ounces (postage abroad 2 ozs. 2 ½ d.) : that materials are sold by the yard (about nine tenths of a metre); that altitude is calculated in feet (three feet to the yard); temperature is given in Fahrenheit (zero Centigrade = 320 Fahrenheit); 1000 C (boiling point) = 2120 Fahrenheit.)
"TOURIST" ENGLAND
Though Great Britain may not present the same variety of travel as the Continent, a great deal of pleasure can be obtained by a sojourn in the British Isles. The English countryside, with its green lanes, winding rivers and old-world country villages off the beaten track, is a delight to motorists, and the beautiful old Cathedrals, picturesque castles and ruins are unsurpassed anywhere. Oxford and Cambridge are unique. At the various seaside resorts every type of Britsher is represented, and sports and games of every description show the life of the country. The frequent express trains and innumerable luxurious motor-coaches running in every direction greatly facilitate travel and sight-seeing, "Hotels de luxe " are of the very best, whilst more moderate hotels have greatly increased in comfort, especially in tourist resorts, and the country hotel retains much of its "old Inn" charm. The foreign visitor should avoid the old-fashioned boarding house, where he may be given a bed varying in comfort according to the age of the mattress (these are regularly renewed on the Continent) and is asked to pay for the so-called English breakfast which he probably does not want and of which he gets the aroma before coming down whether he wants it or not. Also Worcester Sauce, cayenne pepper, piccallilies and "unadulterated" mustard, however much appreciated by the Britisher, do not make cold mutton and boiled cabbage palatable to the average foreign visitor.
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